The Characterization Problem of Digital Drugs in the Iraqi Criminal System
Abstract
Based on the current laws in Iraq's criminal legislative system, this research addresses the issue of identifying a legal framework for characterising digital drugs and thereby establishing criminal culpability. On the one hand, and on the other hand, we have tried to urge the Iraqi federal and Kurdistan regional legislators to synchronise the repercussions of the emerging cybercrime and predicate the future consequences of such crimes, based on the principle of protecting the security, stability, and safety of society by enacting modern laws to confront cybercrime, and not impunity for the perpetrators. Therefore, in order to understand the topics of the research, we divided the research into two sections: in the first topic, we studied what digital drugs are (the definition) by defining the mechanism of action of these drugs, while in the second topic, we studied the legal mechanism for characterising digital drugs through two approaches: in the first of them, we tried to characterise digital drugs as conventional drugs, while in the second approach, we tried to characterise this drug as a digital fraud.
Downloads
References
AL Zaidy, A. (2022). Digital Crimes and Our Society. Academia Letters. Article 4884, pp. 2-3. https://doi.org/10.20935/al4884
Aldridge, J., & Décary-Hétu, D. (2016). Hidden wholesale: The drug diffusing capacity of online drug crypto markets. International Journal of Drug Policy, 35, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2016.04.020
Aldridge, J., Stevens, A., & Barratt, M. J. (2017). Will growth in crypto market drug buying increase the harms of illicit drugs? Addiction, 113(5), 789–796. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13899.
Barratt, M. J. (2011, June 29). Discussing illicit drugs in public internet forums: visibility, stigma, and pseudonymity. In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Communities and Technologies (C&T '11). Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA, 159–168. https://doi.org/10.1145/2103354.2103376
Caulkins, J. P., & Reuter, P. (1998). What Price Data Tell Us about Drug Markets. Journal of Drug Issues, 28(3), 593–612. https://doi.org/10.1177/002204269802800302
Chaib, A., & Ibriam, S. (2020). The Attitudes Towards Digital Drugs. Review of Human Sciences, 910. https://doi.org/10.37136/1003-020-002-047
Denton, B. (1999). Gender, trust and business: women drug dealers in the illicit economy. British Journal of Criminology, 39(4), 513–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/39.4.513
Burns, Corrinne. (2019). Drug-related deaths in Scotland hit record level. The Pharmaceutical Journal, data from National Records of Scotland. https://doi.org/10.1211/pj.2019.20206829
G. Nair, D. G. (2022). Inertia to Adopt Digital Technologies in Pharma. Indian Drugs, 59(07), 5–6. https://doi.org/10.53879/id.59.07.p0005
Galenianos, M., Pacula, R. L., & Persico, N. (2012). A Search-Theoretic Model of the Retail Market for Illicit Drugs. The Review of Economic Studies, 79(3), 1239–1269. https://doi.org/10.1093/restud/rds007
Jacques, S., Rosenfeld, R., Wright, R., & van Gemert, F. (2016). Effects of Prohibition and Decriminalization on Drug Market Conflict. Criminology & Public Policy, 3(15), 875-843. https://doi.org/10.1111/1745-9133.12218
Kamphausen, G., & Werse, B. (2019). Digital figurations in the online trade of illicit drugs: A qualitative content analysis of darknet forums. International Journal of Drug Policy, 73, 281–287. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2019.04.01
Knezevic, M. Z., Bivolarevic, I. C., Peric, T. S., & Jankovic, S. M. (2011). Using Facebook to Increase Spontaneous Reporting of Adverse Drug Reactions. Drug Safety, 34(4), 351–352. https://doi.org/10.2165/11590110-000000000-00000
Krasnoff, E. (2021). Effects of auditory binaural beats on consciousness and the human nervous system: a transdisciplinary review of the evidence. Brain Stimulation, 14(6), 1702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2021.10.365
Klichowski, M., Wicher, A., Kruszwicka, A., & Golebiewski, R. (2023). Reverse effect of home-use binaural beats brain stimulation. Scientific Reports, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38313-4
Lee, E., Bang, Y., Yoon, I. Y., & Choi, H. Y. (2022). Entrapment of Binaural Auditory Beats in Subjects with Symptoms of Insomnia. Brain Sciences, 12(3), 339. https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci12030339
Massoudi, A. H., Fatah, S. J., & Jami, M. S. (2024). The Role of Artificial Intelligence Application in Strategic Marketing Decision-making Process. Cihan University-Erbil Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 8(1), 34-39.
Müller, C. P., & Schumann, G. (2011). Drugs as instruments: A new framework for non-addictive psychoactive drug use. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 34(6), 293–310. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0140525x11000057
Oster, G. (1973). Auditory Beats in the Brain. Scientific American, 229(4), 94–102. https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1073-94
Phillips, N. (2021). Digital Cities, Digital Crimes: Mapping Spanish Detective Fiction. Hispania, 104(4), 641–652. https://doi.org/10.1353/hpn.2021.0132
Van Buskirk, J., Bruno, R., Dobbins, T., Breen, C., Burns, L., Naicker, S., & Roxburgh, A. (2017). The recovery of online drug markets following law enforcement and other disruptions. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 173, 159–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.01.004
Copyright (c) 2024 Fahil A. Abdulkareem
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY-NC-ND 4.0] that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).